Graduated from Moscow State Social University with a degree in journalism. Began his career at Segodnya, later working as a columnist for Kompaniya and Izvestia, and collaborating with Echo of Moscow and Moskovskie Novosti.
In 2000, co-founded Agentura.ru, specializing in investigations of Russian intelligence agencies and cyber surveillance.
Co-authored several books with Irina Borogan on security services, digital surveillance, and modern authoritarianism in Russia.
